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International Watchkeeper
&
Flotilla Skipper
(Includes VHF Radio Operator Certificate)
Passport Series 2 / Modules 7 to 12
-
The Most Intcrnationally Accepted Yachtmastcr Certificate In The World
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INTE RNATIO NA L YACHTMASTER TRAI NING
TRAINING PROGRAMME
VHF RAmO OPERATOR CERTIFICATE
&
INTERNAT IONAL WATCH KEEPER , FLOTILLA SKIPPER CERTIFICATE
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may
be
reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted, in
any fornl or by any means, eiectronical1y, mechanically, photocopied, recording or otheT\vise,
without the written consent of International Yachtmaster Training.lnc.
This
publication is for purposes of guidance and training.
Whilc every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, International Yachtmaster Training is
not liable for the consequence of implementing or attempting to implement any instructions or
advice contained within these notes.
CO PYright
It>
In ternational Yllchtmllstcr Trai ning 2005.
VIiF RADIO OPERATOR CERTIFICATE
&
INTERNATIONAL WATCHKE[P[R
I
FLOTILLA SKIPPER CERTIFICATE
Pages
V H
F Radio Operator Cer tificate
Module 7
4 - 31
International Crew Certificate
Module 8
Section I - Introduction
Safety Revision
Nautical Tenninology Revision
Section 2 - Responsibilities of a Watchkeeper
Section 3 . Charts and Chart work
Section 4 - Compasses and Magnetism
Section 5 - Buoyage
Module 9
Section I . Introduction
Section 2 - Safety Brief
Section 3 . GaUey
Section 4 - Power Boat Handling Skills
Section 5 - Saili ng Boat Handling Skills
Module 10
Section I - Basic First Aid
Se<:tion 2 - Collision Regulations
Section
J -
Customs, Manners and Legal Requirements
Module
II
(Practical Subjects)
Module 12 (Theory and Practical Subjects
f
Assessment)
l2
33 - 37
38 - 51
52
53 - 65
66 - 69
70 - 73
74
75 -78
79
80 - 81
82
83·88
89·99
100 - 103
104 - 112
11)
Glossa r y of Terms
11 4-122
J
I NTRODUCTION
Today, radio communications are a cenlral and essent ial pan of life al sea. A very high frequency radio (VHF) is
lhe absolute minimum a prudent skipper should have on board. even on local" Diers. Once a mariner ventures
funlter offshore Ihen the invcnlOry ofcommunications equipment grows
!O
indude SSB. HF radio, Satellite com
munical ion. EPIRBs. SARTs I'll'. all of"hich will be explained in Ihese notes
There are a number of purposes for good communications \Ihile at sea. These range from saft'ty. ,,·hich has
absolute
priori!).
\0
operational and business communications. both ship to shore and ship 10 ship. Familiarity" illt
and
c~t
use or.
I~
,'arious
il~s
offijuipmen l is essential and in some instances compulsory.
This course aims to outline Ihe various types ofcommunications equipment. regulations concerning their COrTt<:t
use radio equipment and the COIT«t procedures ror emergency radio communications.
4
MODULE
71
SECTION 2
BAS I C RADIO TH EORY
Tra ns mitter,
~fei\"tr,
trBnSCeiHr, anttnna
A
radio set consists of
II
transminer
and receiver combined in ont instrument, usually called a
tnmscei,·er.
The
transminer is Ihe part lha\ can send out a radio signal and
the
recei,'er is
the
pan
thaI can rttehe a radio signal
from anmher transmiuer else"hert. When) 00 speak into Ihe microphone the sounds of)our I'oice aTe
com'~ed
by the 1mnsminer imo radio wIves. or signals, "hich are then sent oul from the Iransmil1er through an antenna.
A recei"tT can pick up these radio signals through its antenna and convert them back in10 sounds which are heard
coming from Ihe rad io speaker. When a radio station transmits a signal. il can
be
received on any other radio
receiver
if
il is tuned to the same frequency as the transminer. and
it
is \\ jlhin range of the transmitter.
Frequency
Radio transmitters send out their signal on
a
precise frequency and only a receil'er lun.c:d
e~aetly
to the same
frequency
II
ill receil'e that signal. The frequency selected is usually indicated on the radio by a pointer agaillst a
printed scale or b) a digital readout. In order to find the frequencies used by a specific statioll, a publication listing
radio stations
\I
ill have to be consul!ed. More sophisticated radio receivers may allow entry into a memory of
frequencies of regularly used stations. so that by just pressing
a
numbered button the radio receiver automaticallY
switches to the desired frequency.
If
the radio has this facility)ou can also switch from one frequency to anocher
by simply pressing the correctly numbered button.
RAd io "'AI esiwA I
ficugth
Radio signals travel from a transmitter to a receil'er in wales. JUSt as a pebble dropped on the surface o r a lake
roms concentric waves moving outwards from the point of entry. so do radio waves (invisible) move outward at
constant velocity from an antenna in concentric circles.
Radio waves arc electromagnetically propagated at the antenna (by the reversal ofelC<:Irical current). As the rate of
reversals is changed. so too is the length ofthe WBVes. Be.:ause all radio " 'al es tralel at the lame speed (the speed
of light) a transmitter that generates more waves per SC1:ond produces shoner waves. COfll'ersely one producing
fewer \laves
per
second produces longer waves. Thus the higher the frequency the shorter the wal'es and thc 10ller
the frequency the longer the wal'es.
Radio waves are described by the frequency with which these \lIves occur per second. in other lIords by the
number ofwal"es per second. The technical tem used is a Hertz, named after Dr. Heinrich Henz, a 19"'. Century
Gem!an physicist. I hertz (I Hz) means one wave per second. I kilohenz (I kHz) means 1,000 wives per second
and I megahenz (I Mllz) means 1,000.000 waves per second.
Radio Fl'fqucncy Rands
Various radio frequencies are divided into bands:
FR EQUENCY
DAN !}
IIM" O
VlF
3
kHz to
30
kHz
Very Low Frequency
IF
30
kHz: 10 300 kHz
Low Frequency
MF
Medium Frequency
300 kHz 10 3000 kHz
(3
MHz)
3 MHz to
30
MH z
HF
High Frequency
30
MHz to 300 MHz
VHF
Very
High Frequency
5
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