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IMPERIAL JAPAN
Sino-Japanese War, Russo-Japanese War,
& Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
By William P. Litynski
 The Americanization & Europeanization of Japan
American Gunboat Diplomacy:
U.S. Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry prepares to meet the Imperial Commissioners at Yokohama, Japan
in July 1853. Commodore Perry visited Japan to persuade the Tokugawa Shogunate to open Japanese harbors to American ships for trade
and fuel. American merchants and missionaries visited Japan, China, and Hawaii frequently during the late 1800s. The opening of Japan’s
harbor to American ships was integral part of America’s “China Trade”. The ruling Tokugawa Shogunate maintained an isolationist foreign
policy, a restriction on foreign trade (trade with Dutch and Chinese merchants), and a ban on travel to foreign countries from 1635 to 1853.
Left painting: The Belmont family at The Hague around 1854. From left to right: Isabel Perry, Hessen-born Jewish banker August Belmont
(U.S. Minister to the Netherlands), Perry Belmont, Caroline [Slidell Perry] Belmont, Fredericka Belmont, Jane Perry, August Belmont, Jr., and
Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry. August Belmont married Caroline Slidell Perry, the daughter of Matthew C. Perry, on November 7,
1849. Matthew C. Perry was the brother of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry. Commodore Matthew C. Perry’s wife Jane Slidell was sister of
Confederate envoy and former U.S. Senator John Slidell.
Prelude to the Opening of Japan: The China Trade & Opium War
The Factories at Canton, China, where American, British, Dutch, and other foreign merchants sold tea and opium to Chinese merchants.
(Marine Paintings and Drawings in the
The Opium War (1839-1842). The British government under Queen Victoria waged war against the Manchurian Chinese Empire in an attempt
to allow merchants to sell opium in China. The Manchurian Chinese Empire (Ch’ing Dynasty) ceded Hong Kong to Great Britain in 1842.
View of the west part of the city of Victoria, Hong Kong, showing the premises of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company with
their flag over the godown. The flags behind the P.&O. are French and American. The hong l., of the picture is probably the Oriental Bank
(opened 1845) and has long disappeared as well as the office of the P.&O. The ‘Hongkong Almanack’ for 1846 records the Company as
having the office in Queen’s Road. (Painting:
“During that first Opium War, the chief of operations for
Russell & Co.
in Canton was Warren Delano, Jr., grandfather of Franklin
Roosevelt. He was also the U.S. vice-consul and once wrote home, “The High officers of the [Chinese] Government have not only
connived at the trade, but the Governor and other officers of the province have bought the drug and have taken it from the stationed
ships in their own Government boats.” Wu Ping-chen, or Howqua II, the leading “hong” merchant, was considered by some to be one
of the world’s richest men, worth over $26 million in 1833. The profits were huge and many fortunes were made. Warren Delano went
home with one, lost it and went back to China to get more. Russell & Co. partners included John Cleve Green, a banker and railroad
investor who made large donations to and was a trustee for Princeton; A. Abiel Low, a shipbuilder, merchant and railroad owner who
backed Columbia University; and merchants Augustine Heard and Joseph Coolidge. Coolidge’s son organized the United Fruit
Company, and his grandson Archibald C. Coolidge, was a cofounder of the Council on Foreign Relations. Partner John M. Forbes
“dominated the management” of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroad, with Charles Perkins as president. Other partners and
captains included Joseph Taylor Gilman, William Henry King, John Alsop Griswold, Captain Lovett and Captain J. Prescott. Captain
Prescott called on F.T. Bush, Esq., his friend and agent in Hong Kong frequently. Russell & Co. families, relations and friends are well
represented in the Order of Skull & Bones. After the first Opium War, the port of Shanghai was opened up, with Russell & Co. as one
of its first foreign merchants. In 1841, Russell brought the first steam ship to Chinese waters and continued to develop e transportation
routes as long as opium made them profitable. Russell partners were also involved in early railroad ventures in China, together with
U.S. railroad magnate E.H. Harriman, whose sons later became very active in Skull & Bones. The second Opium War led to the
legalization of opium in China in 1858…” –
Fleshing Out Skull & Bones
by Kris Millegan, p. 155-156
Prelude to the Modernization of Japan: European Intrigues & Japanese Independence
A Japanese
Nanban byōbu
detail depicting a Portuguese carrack arriving at Nagasaki (
長崎
), Japan in circa 1571. Japanese
daimyo Ōmura Sumitada, who converted to Christianity, permitted the establishment of a port with the purpose of harboring
Portuguese ships in Nagasaki in 1569; the deal was established in 1571, under the supervision of the Jesuit missionary Gaspar
Vilela and Portuguese Captain-Major Tristão Vaz de Veiga, with Ōmura’s personal assistance. The city of Nagasaki was a
Jesuit colony for a short time during the 1580s; a vast majority of Japanese people living in Nagasaki in the 1580s were
Catholics. The Portuguese, Dutch, Spanish, and English merchants traded with Japan at the port of Nagasaki from the 1580s
until the 1630s, when Japan restricted its trade to Dutch and Chinese merchants. Portuguese and Dutch merchants introduced
new products to Japan, including rifles, bread, tempura (fried seafood), eyeglasses, and telescopes.
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